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The Macintosh Plus computer is the third model in the Macintosh line, introduced on January 16, 1986, two years after the original Macintosh and a little more than a year after the Macintosh 512K, with a price tag of US$2599.^[1] As an evolutionary improvement over the 512K, it shipped with 1 MB of RAM standard, expandable to 4 MB, and an external SCSI peripheral bus, among smaller improvements. Originally, the computer's case was the same beige color as the original Macintosh, Pantone 453,^[2] however in 1987, the case color was changed to the long-lived, warm gray 'Platinum' color.^[3] It is the earliest Macintosh model able to run System 7.

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Overview[edit]

The first immersive worlds we all lock ourselves into, the 3D internet, the worlds we create will be full of errors, lonely affairs. Byte Chaser is a meditation on that inevitable direction of our technological progress. I woke up in the night. The light seemed dimmer than usual. My sister had died. Six months had past. Jun 21, 2019 Download Sugar Bytes – Looperator for Mac Free. Click on below button to start Sugar Bytes – Looperator Download for Mac OS X. This is completely Tested and Working Latest Version Mac OS App of Sugar Bytes – Looperator. It is offline installer and standalone setup for Sugar Bytes – Looperator for Apple Macbook Macintosh. After you finish installing Mac OS X, you should change this setting back to default, so your main hard disk is the first boot option (this optional, but it will speed up your boot times later on). On Gigabyte motherboards, the settings page will often show you two versions of each hard disk: the UEFI version (usually labeled as 'UEFI'),. How is byte significance defined for an Ethernet frame? Does we count the byte starting from the MAC destination the most significance byte? I think that should be the case because I read that network byte ordering is big Endian, so the most significance byte gets transmitted first, which should be the MAC destination address.

Bruce Webster of BYTE reported a rumor in December 1985: 'Supposedly, Apple will be releasing a Big Mac by the time this column sees print: said Mac will reportedly come with 1 megabyte of RAM ... the new 128K-byte ROM ... and a double-sided (800K bytes) disk drive, all in the standard Mac box'.^[4] Introduced as the Macintosh Plus, it was the first Macintosh model to include a SCSI port, which launched the popularity of external SCSI devices for Macs, including hard disks, tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers, Zip Drives, and even monitors.^[5] The SCSI implementation of the Plus was engineered shortly before the initial SCSI spec was finalized and, as such, is not 100% SCSI-compliant. SCSI ports remained standard equipment for all Macs until the introduction of the iMac in 1998.

The Macintosh Plus was the last classic Mac to have a phone cord-like port on the front of the unit for the keyboard, as well as the DE-9 connector for the mouse; models released after the Macintosh Plus would use ADB ports.

The Mac Plus was the first Apple computer to utilize user-upgradable SIMM memory modules instead of single DIP DRAM chips. Four SIMM slots were provided and the computer shipped with four 256K SIMMs, for 1MB total RAM. By replacing them with 1MB SIMMs, it was possible to have 4MB of RAM. (Although 30-pin SIMMs could support up to 16MB total RAM, the Mac Plus motherboard had only 22 address lines connected, for a 4MB maximum.)

It has what was then a new 3+1⁄2-inch double-sided 800 KB floppy drive, offering double the capacity of floppy disks from previous Macs, along with backward compatibility. The then-new drive is controlled by the same IWM chip as in previous models, implementing variable speedGCR. The drive was still completely incompatible with PC drives. The 800 KB drive has two read/write heads, enabling it to simultaneously use both sides of the floppy disk and thereby double storage capacity. Like the 400 KB drive before it, a companion Macintosh 800K External Drive was an available option. However, with the increased disk storage capacity combined with 2-4x the available RAM, the external drive was less of a necessity than it had been with the 128K and 512K.

The Mac Plus has 128 KB of ROM on the motherboard, which is double the amount of ROM in previous Macs; the ROMs included software to support SCSI, the then-new 800 KB floppy drive, and the Hierarchical File System (HFS), which uses a true directory structure on disks (as opposed to the earlier MFS, Macintosh File System in which all files were stored in a single directory, with one level of pseudo-folders overlaid on them). For programmers, the fourth Inside Macintosh volume details how to use HFS and the rest of the Mac Plus's new system software. The Plus still did not include provision for an internal hard drive and it would be over nine months before Apple would offer a SCSI drive replacement for the slow Hard Disk 20. It would be well over a year before Apple would offer the first internal hard disk drive in any Macintosh.

A compact Mac, the Plus has a 9-inch (23 cm) 512 × 342 pixel monochrome display with a resolution of 72 PPI, identical to that of previous Macintosh models.^[6] Unlike earlier Macs, the Mac Plus's keyboard includes a numeric keypad and directional arrow keys and, as with previous Macs, it has a one-button mouse and no fan, making it extremely quiet in operation. The lack of a cooling fan in the Mac Plus led to frequent problems with overheating and hardware malfunctions.

The applications MacPaint and MacWrite were bundled with the Mac Plus. After August 1987, HyperCard and MultiFinder were also bundled. Third-party software applications available included MacDraw, Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, as well as Aldus PageMaker. Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint (originally by Forethought) were actually developed and released first for the Macintosh, and similarly Microsoft Word 1 for Macintosh was the first time a GUI version of that software was introduced on any personal computer platform. For a time, the exclusive availability of Excel and PageMaker on the Macintosh were noticeable drivers of sales for the platform.

The case design is essentially identical to the original Macintosh. It debuted in beige and was labeled Macintosh Plus on the front, but Macintosh Plus 1 MB on the back, to denote the 1 MB RAM configuration with which it shipped. In January 1987 it transitioned to Apple's long-lived platinum-gray color with the rest of the Apple product line, and the keyboard's keycaps changed from brown to gray. In January 1988, with reduced RAM prices, Apple began shipping 2- and 4- MB configurations and rebranded it simply as 'Macintosh Plus.' Among other design changes, it included the same trademarked inlaid Apple logo and recessed port icons as the Apple IIc and IIGS before it, but it essentially retained the original design.

An upgrade kit was offered for the earlier Macintosh 128K and Macintosh 512K/enhanced, which includes a new motherboard, floppy disk drive and rear case. The owner retained the front case, monitor and analog board. Because of this, there is no 'Macintosh Plus' on the front of upgraded units, and the Apple logo is recessed and in the bottom left hand corner of the front case. However, the label on the back of the case reads 'Macintosh Plus 1MB'. The new extended Plus keyboard could also be purchased. Unfortunately, this upgrade cost almost as much as a new machine.

The Mac Plus itself can be upgraded further with the use of third-party accelerators. When these are clipped or soldered onto the 68000 processor, a 32 MHz 68030 processor can be used, and up to 16 MB RAM. This allows it to run Mac OS 7.6.1.^[7]

There is a program available called Mini vMac that can emulate a Mac Plus on a variety of platforms, including Unix, Windows, DOS, classic Mac OS, macOS, Pocket PC, iOS and even Nintendo DS.

Long production life[edit]

Although the Macintosh Plus would become overshadowed by two new Macintoshes, the Macintosh SE and the Macintosh II in March 1987, it remained in production as a cheaper alternative until the introduction of the Macintosh Classic on October 15, 1990. This made the Macintosh Plus the longest-produced Macintosh ever, having been on sale unchanged for 1,734 days, until the 2nd generation Mac Pro, introduced on December 19, 2013, surpassed the record on September 18, 2018. (it would ultimately last for 2,182 days before being discontinued on December 10, 2019) (Second to the Mid 2012 13 inch (unibody) Macbook Pro that has been on sale from June,11,2012 to October,27,2016 spanning 4 years, 4 months, and 16 days this macbooks holds the title of the longest-produced MacBook Pro ever) It continued to be supported by versions of the classic Mac OS up to version 7.5.5, released in 1996. Additionally, during its period of general market relevance, it was heavily discounted like the 512K/512Ke before it and offered to the educational market badged as the 'Macintosh Plus ED'.^[8] Due to its popularity, long life and its introduction of many features that would become mainstays of the Macintosh platform for years, the Plus was a common 'base model' for many software and hardware products.

Problems[edit]

The lack of fan could cause the life of a Macintosh Plus to end early for some users. As the power supply would heat up, solder joints inside it would fracture causing many problems, such as loss of deflection in the monitor or a complete loss of power. As in most early compact Macs, the problem was common in the yoke connector, flyback transformer, and horizontal drive coupling capacitor.^[9] A fan was also often added to reduce heat when the machine was upgraded to its full RAM capacity of 4 MB.^[10]

From the debut of the Macintosh 128K through the Macintosh Plus, various third-party cooling add-ons were available to help increase airflow through the unit. Apple reorganized the compact Macintosh case to accommodate a fan with the release of the Macintosh SE, which optionally included a heat-generating internal hard disk.

ROM revisions[edit]

The Plus went through two ROM revisions during its general market relevance. The initial ROM was replaced after the first two months as it had a serious bug which prevented the Mac from booting if an external SCSI device was powered off. The second revision fixed a problem with some SCSI devices that could send the Mac into an endless reset at POST.^[11]

Emulators[edit]

Timeline of compact Macintosh models

References[edit]

1. ^'The 25 Greatest PCs of All Time'. PCWorld. August 11, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
2. ^'History of computer design: Apple Macintosh'. Landsnail.com. May 17, 1998. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
3. ^'History of computer design: Macintosh Plus'. Landsnail.com. May 17, 1998. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
4. ^Webster, Bruce (December 1985). 'Microcomputer Color Graphics-Observations'. BYTE. p. 405. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
5. ^Knight, Dan. 'ScuzzyGraph and ScuzzyGraph II'. Low End Mac. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
6. ^'Macintosh Plus: Technical Specifications'. Apple.
7. ^'Mac Plus'. Low End Mac. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
8. ^[1]
9. ^'Classic Mac Repair Notes'(PDF). 68kmla.org. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 6, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
10. ^Still Useful after All These Years -- The Mac Plus
11. ^'Technical Notes'. Developer.apple.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2004. Retrieved May 20, 2016.

External links[edit]

• Macintosh Plus technical specifications at apple.com

In the first part of this article, I introduced you to Unicode, a grand unification scheme whereby every character in every writing system would be represented by a unique value, up to a potential one million distinct characters and symbols. Mac OS X has Unicode built in. In this concluding part of the article, we’ll look for it.

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Forced Entry — To prove to yourself that Unicode is present on your computer, you can type some of its characters. Now, clearly you won’t be able to do this in the ordinary way, since the keyboard keys alone, even including the Option and Shift modifiers, can’t differentiate even 256 characters. Thus there has to be what’s called an 'input method.' Here’s a simple one: open the International preferences pane of Mac OS X’s System Preferences, go to the Keyboard Menu tab, and enable the Unicode Hex Input checkbox. Afterwards, a keyboard menu will appear in your menu bar (on my machine this looks, by default, like an American flag).

Now we’re ready to type. Launch TextEdit from your Applications folder. From the keyboard menu, choose Unicode Hex Input. Now hold down the Option key and type (without quotes or spaces) '042E 0440 0438'. You’ll see the Russian name 'Yuri' written as three Cyrillic characters. The values you typed were the Unicode hexadecimal (base-16) numeric codes for these characters.

<http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf>

Observe that if you now select 'Yuri' and change the font, it still reads correctly. Is this because every font in Mac OS X includes Cyrillic letters? No! It’s because, if the characters to be displayed aren’t present in the font you designate, Mac OS X automatically hunts through your installed fonts to find any font that includes them, and uses that instead. That’s important, because a font containing all Unicode characters would be huge, not to mention a lot of work to create. This way, font manufacturers can specialize, and each font can contribute just a subset of the Unicode repertoire.

Now, Unicode Hex Input, though it can generate any Unicode character if you happen to know its hex code, is obviously impractical. In real life, there needs to be a better way of typing characters. One way is through keyboard mappings. A keyboard mapping is the relationship between the key you type and the character code you generate. Normally, of course, every key generates a character from the ASCII range of characters. But consider the Symbol font. In Mac OS 9, the Symbol font was just an alternative set of characters superimposed on the ASCII range. In Mac OS X, though, Symbol characters are Unicode characters; they aren’t in the ASCII range at all. So to type using the Symbol font, you must use a different keyboard mapping: you type in the ordinary way, but your keystrokes generate different keycodes than they normally would, so you reach the area of the Unicode repertoire where the Symbol characters are.

To see this, first enable the Symbol mapping in the International preference pane. Next, open Key Caps from the Application folder’s Utilities folder, and choose Symbol from the Font menu. Now play with the keyboard menu. If you choose the U.S. keyboard mapping, Key Caps displays much of the font as blank; if you choose the Symbol keyboard mapping, the correct characters appear. In fact, it’s really the mapping (not the font) that’s important, since the Symbol characters appear in many other fonts (and, as we saw earlier, Mac OS X fetches the right character from another font if the designated font lacks it).

Another common keyboard mapping device is to introduce 'dead' keys. You may be familiar with this from the normal U.S. mapping, which lets you access certain diacritical variations of vowels, such as grave, acute, circumflex, and umlaut, using dead keys. For example, in the U.S. mapping, typing Option-u followed by 'u' creates u-umlaut; the Option-u tells the mapping to suspend judgment until the next typed input shows what character is intended. The Extended Roman keyboard mapping, which you can enable in the International preference pane, extends this principle to provide easy access to even more Roman diacritics; for example, Option-a becomes a dead key that puts a macron over the next vowel you type.

<http://homepage.mac.com/goldsmit/.Pictures/ ExtendedRoman.jpg>

Various other input methods exist for various languages, some of them (as for Japanese) quite elaborate. Unfortunately, Apple’s selection of these on Mac OS X still falls short of what was available in Mac OS 9; for example, there is no Devanagari, Arabic, or Hebrew input method for Mac OS X. In some cases, the input method for a language won’t appear in Mac OS X unless a specific font is also present; to get the font, you would install the corresponding Language Kit into Classic from the Mac OS 9 CD. In other cases, the material may be available through Software Update. I won’t give further details, since if you need a specific input method you probably know a lot more about the language, and Unicode, than I do.

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<http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html? artnum=120065>

Exploring the Web — An obvious benefit of Unicode standardization is the possibility of various languages and scripts becoming universally legible over the Web. For a taste of what this will be like, I recommend the UTF-8 Sampler page of Columbia University’s Kermit project; the URL is given below. You’ll need to be using OmniGroup’s OmniWeb browser; this is the only browser I’ve found that renders Unicode fonts decently. For best results, also download James Kass’s Code2000 font and drop it into one of your Fonts folders before starting up OmniWeb. (If you’re too lazy to download Code2000 you’ll still get pretty good results thanks to the Unicode fonts already installed in Mac OS X, but some characters will be replaced by a 'filler' character designed to let you know that the real character is missing.)

<http://www.omnigroup.com/applications/omniweb>
<http://home.att.net/~jameskass/CODE2000.ZIP>
<http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/utf8.html>

When you look at the Sampler using OmniWeb, you should see Runic, Middle English, Middle High German, Modern Greek, Russian, Georgian, and many others. One or two characters are missing, but the results are still amazingly good. The only major problem is that the right-to-left scripts such as Hebrew and Arabic are backwards (that is to say, uh, forwards). Note that you’re not seeing pictures! All the text is being rendered character by character from your installed fonts, just as in a word processor.

You may wonder how an HTML document can tell your browser what Unicode character to display. After all, to get an ordinary English 'e' to appear in a Web page, you just type an 'e' in the HTML document; but how do you specify, say, a Russian 'yu' character? With Unicode, there are two main ways. One is to use the numbered entity approach; just as you’re probably aware that you can get a double-quote character in HTML by saying '&quot;', so you can get a Russian 'yu' by saying '&#1102;' (because 1102 is the decimal equivalent of that character’s Unicode value). This works fine if a page contains just a few Unicode characters; otherwise, though, it becomes tedious for whoever must write and edit the HTML, and makes for large documents, since every such character requires six bytes. A better solution is UTF-8.

To understand what UTF-8 is, think about how you would encode Unicode as a sequence of bytes. One obvious way would just be to have the bytes represent each character’s numeric value. For example, Russian 'yu' is hexadecimal 044E, so it could be represented by a byte whose value is 04 and a byte whose value is 4E. This is perfectly possible – in fact, it has an official name, UTF-16 – but it lacks backwards compatibility. A browser or text processor that doesn’t do Unicode can’t read any characters of a UTF-16 document – even if that document consists entirely of characters from the ASCII range. And even worse, a UTF-16 document can’t be transmitted across the Internet, because some of its bytes (such as the 04 in our example) are not legal character values. What’s necessary is a Unicode encoding such that all bytes are themselves legal ASCII characters.

That’s exactly what UTF-8 is. It’s a way of encoding Unicode character values as sequences of Internet-legal ASCII characters – where members of the original ASCII character set are simply encoded as themselves. With this encoding, an application (such as a browser or a word processor) that doesn’t understand UTF-8 will show sequences of Unicode characters as ASCII – that is, as gibberish – but at least it will show any ordinary ASCII characters correctly. The HTML way to let a browser know that it’s seeing a UTF-8 document is a <META> tag specifying the 'charset' as 'utf-8'. OmniWeb sees this and interprets the Unicode sequences correctly. For example, the UTF-8 encoding of Russian 'yu' is D18E. Both D1 and 8E are legal ASCII character bytes: on a Mac they’re an em-dash followed by an e-acute. Indeed, you can just type those two characters into an HTML document that declares itself as UTF-8, and OmniWeb will show them as a Russian 'yu'.

If you want to learn more about the Unicode character set and test your fonts against the standard, or if you’d like to focus on a particular language, Alan Wood’s Web pages are an extremely well-maintained portal and an excellent starting point. And TidBITS reader Tom Gewecke (who also provided some great help with this article) maintains a page with useful information about the state of languages on the Mac, with special attention to Mac OS X and Unicode.

<http://www.hclrss.demon.co.uk/unicode/ index.html>
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Exploring Your Fonts — Meanwhile, back on your own hard disk, you may be wondering what Unicode fonts you have and what Unicode characters they contain. Unfortunately, Apple provides no way to learn the answer. You can’t find out with Key Caps, since the range of characters corresponding to keys and modifiers is minuscule in comparison with the Unicode character set. Most other font utilities are blind to everything beyond ASCII. One great exception is the $15 FontChecker, from WunderMoosen. This program lets you explore the full range of Unicode characters in any font, and is an absolute must if you’re going to make any sense of Unicode fonts on your Mac. It also features drag-and-drop, which can make it helpful as an occasional input method. I couldn’t have written this article without it.

<http://www.wundermoosen.com/wmXFCHelp.html>

Also valuable is UnicodeChecker, a free utility from Earthlingsoft that displays every Unicode character. Unlike FontChecker, it isn’t organized by font, but simply shows every character in order, and can even display characters from the supplementary planes. (Download James Kass’s Code2001 font if you want to see some of these.)

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<http://homepage.mac.com/earthlingsoft/ apps.html#unicodechecker>
<http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/>
<http://home.att.net/~jameskass/CODE2001.ZIP>

A Long Way To Go — Unicode is still in its infancy; Mac OS X is too. So if this overview has given you the sense that Unicode on Mac OS X is more of a toy than a tool, you’re right. There needs to be a lot of growth, on several fronts, for Mac OS X’s Unicode support to become really useful.

A big problem right now is the lack of Unicode support in applications. Already we saw that not all browsers are created equal; we had to use OmniWeb to view a Unicode Web page correctly (try the UTF-8 Sampler page in another browser to see the difference). And there’s good reason why I had you experiment with typing Unicode using TextEdit and not some other word processor. Also, be warned that you can’t necessarily tell from its documentation what an application can do. Software companies like to use the Unicode buzzword, but there’s many a slip ‘twixt the buzzword and the implementation. Microsoft Word X claims you can 'enter, display, and edit text in all supported languages,' but it doesn’t accept the Unicode Hex Input method and often you can’t paste Unicode characters into it. BBEdit can open and save Unicode text files, but its display of Unicode characters is poor – it often has layout problems, and it can display only a single font at a time (whereas, as we’ve seen, Unicode characters are typically drawn from various fonts). BBEdit also doesn’t accept the Unicode Hex Input method, so you can’t really use it to work with Unicode files.

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The operating system itself must evolve too. The Unicode standard has requirements about bidirectional scripts and combining multiple characters that Mac OS X doesn’t yet fully handle. The installed fonts don’t represent the full character set. More input methods are required, and Apple needs to provide utilities for creating keyboard mappings, and perhaps even simple input methods, so that users can start accessing their favorite characters easily. The Unicode standard, meanwhile, is itself constantly being revised and extended. At the same time, Windows users are getting built-in language and Unicode support that in some respects is light-years ahead of Mac OS X. The hope is that as things progress, Apple will catch up, and the Unicode promise of Mac OS X will start to be fulfilled. Then the Mac will be not just a digital hub, but a textual hub as well.